Ancient Andes society used hallucinogens to strengthen social order

Chavin de Huantar in Peru is linked to controlled use of psychoactive plants as part of how leaders built and maintained social hierarchy. Archaeologists examined ancient snuff tubes carved from hollow bones and found chemical residues including nicotine from wild tobacco relatives and vilca bean residue, described as a hallucinogen related to DMT. The tubes were found in private chambers within monumental structures, suggesting rituals were restricted to a small group rather than communal. The study proposes that exclusive altered-state experiences helped naturalize authority and ideology, making supernatural power feel tightly connected to the rulers and the natural order. Researchers also note additional ceremonial elements such as conch-shell trumpets and acoustics designed to intensify awe at the site.